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There are two types of interrupts. Hardware interrupts are explained in more detail in the next section. Software interrupts are instructions that are similar to subroutine calls, but instead of jumping to a speci c address, they make calls to prede ned interrupt handler routines. The advantage of software interrupts over subroutine calls is their ability to provide systemwide subroutine functions without having to provide the addresses to subroutines to all the programs that can run within it. Software interrupts are not often used in smaller microcontrollers, but they are used to advantage in the IBM PC. Rather than providing instructions that immediately change the program counter (and where the program is executing), it can be advantageous to be able to arithmetically create a new address and load new values directly into the program counter registers. In most processors, the program counter cannot be accessed directly, to jump or call arbitrary addresses in program memory. The PIC microcontroller architecture is one of the few that does allow the program to access the program counter s registers and change them during program execution. This capability adds a great deal of exibility and ef ciency in programming (which will be discussed later in the book), however, care must taken when updating the processor s PC to make sure the correct address is calculated before it is updated. Processor control instructions are speci c and control the operation of the processor. One common processor control instruction is sleep, which puts the processor (and microcontroller) into a low-power mode. Another processor control instruction is the interrupt mask, which stops hardware interrupt requests from being processed. These instructions are often very device speci c and cannot be counted upon to be present when you move to a new microcontroller family.

Net A technical term for the connection of device pins in a circuit. Each net consists of all the connections to one device pin in a circuit and must have one driver and at least one receiver. NiCad Abbreviation for nickel-cadmium batteries. These batteries are rechargeable, although typically they provide 1.2 V per cell output compared with 1.5 to 2.0 V for standard dry or alkaline radio batteries. NMOS logic Digital logic where only N-channel MOSFET transistors are used. Noise High-frequency variances in a signal line that are cause by switch bounce or electrical signals picked up from other sources. NOT Logic gate that inverts the state of the input signal (1 NOT is 0).

ns One-billionth of a second (0.000000001 s). See s and ms. NTSC Acronym for the National Television Standards Committee, the standards organization responsible for de ning the TV signal format used in North America. .obj File type produced after assembly or high level language compilation containing the hex values (op codes) that make up a processor s instructions. An object le either can be loaded directly into a microcontroller or multiple object les can be linked together to form an executable le that is loaded into a microcontroller s control store. See Linker. Octal numbers A method of representing numbers as the digits from 0 to 7. This method of representing numbers is not used widely, although some high level languages, such as C, have made it available to programmers. One s complement The result of XORing a byte with 0x0FF, which will invert each bit of a number. See Two s complement. Op codes The hex values that make up the processor instructions in an application. Open-collector/drain output An output circuit consisting of a single transistor that can pull the net it is connected to ground. OR Basic logic gate; when any input is set to a 1, a 1 is output.

ORT Acronym for ongoing reliability testing. A continuing set of tests that are run on a manufactured product during its life to ensure that it will be as reliable as originally speci ed. Oscillator A circuit used to provide a constant-frequency repeating signal for a microcontroller. This circuit can consist of a crystal, ceramic resonator, or resistorcapacitor network for providing the delay between edge transitions. The term is also used for a device that can be wired to a microcontroller to provide clocking signals without having to provide a crystal, caps, and other components to the device.